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Will You Add? - Coalition of Community Lay Knowledge Systems with Scientific Knowledge Systems
Asking why you should keep your shredder lubricated is no different than asking why you should change the oil in your car every 3,000 miles. Not only is proper maintenance a requirement to maintain an active warranty, but all mechanical parts need a little oil to help them turn smoothly and to keep them clean. Applying shredder oil to the cutting heads inside a shredder lubricates them so that they efficiently destroy documents sheet after sheet. Fortunately, you will find that taking good care of your shredder is less expensive, faster and easier than caring for your car.Every time you shred a sheet of paper a fine dust made of tiny paper particles is produced. This dust collects in the cutting assembly of a paper shredder. If allowed to build up, this dust will compact until it completely blocks the smooth turning of the cutting head. Shredder oil will actually break up the compacted dust lodged in the cutting assembly, allowing the parts to move and push out the softened dust.Shredder oil is specially formulated to eliminate oil residue on the cutting head. Other oils, like WD-40, will attract dust, further clogging the cutters. When lubricating your paper shredder, only use oil specifically designated for shredder
To many, it might seem that efficient freight transport and taking care of the environment are incompatible objectives.After all, the traffic produced by freight transportation damages the environment by polluting the air and creating noise. As well as undermining the quality of life in cities it also contributes to global warming.However, freight transportation is necessary in order for us to receive products into shops for us to buy. As a result, it is necessary to find a way to have an efficient freight transportation system and to look after the environment at the same time.Recent European legislation has made significant inroads into reducing the environmental impact of freight transportation. For instance efforts are being made to enhance the way in which different modes of transport operate together. The idea behind this is to combine modes of transport to minimise the effects on the environment for any one shipment whilst also maximizing economic efficiency.Another example of how European governments are trying to make freight transport more environmentally friendly is the new policy introduced by the UK last year. Tony McNulty, the then transport minister, announced a new policy that was designed
Knowledge may be considered as an aggregate of knowledge systems. This aggregation includes indigenous or community lay (local or traditional) knowledge systems as well as scientific (formal ways of knowing) knowledge systems. The sum total represents the knowledge assets of a country, which are deemed essential to drive economic growth, competitive advantages, human capital, and quality of life (Malhotra, 2003). Community knowledge systems often provide different types of knowledge classifications based upon the observations, beliefs and experiences of people from a specific environmental location, a need exists to incorporate it into development plans and actions. Incorporating community knowledge sytems into developmental approaches will according to Boven and Morohashi (2002) at least enables local communities to actively participate in the decision-making process of what really works in the daily practices of people living in a specific environment. Active participation by communities contributing localized knowledge gives recognition to the Participatory Action Research approach of synergistic maximization of impact, increased citizen participation and community ownership.
Recently, more recognition is given to the fact that indigenous or community lay knowledge has intrinsic merit, and hold development potential especially for rural area development (Crithley, 2000). However, the effective application and utilization of community lay knowledge in technology development and transfer remains largely unclear despite recognition that it represents a rich body of knowledge for technological innovations.
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to provide baseline information on how community lay knowledge systems can be applied in technology development and transfer through the process of knowledge creation cooperation, education and innovation in coalition with scientific knowledge systems. Community lay knowledge for the purpose of this article is distinct from scientific knowledge is that community lay knowledge is considered to be more experiential in nature, and includes judgement and common sense which has been acquired with experience. Community lay knowledge is often referred to as practical logic (Craig, 2000).
Features of knowledge systems
Knowledge systems in general require firstly process agents that can drive change and development. In this regard Malhotra (2003) identified three process agents namely:
· National institutions; · Frameworks; and · Infrastructure.
The above three agents facilitate the effective use, sharing, creation, and renewal of knowledge required for socio-economic growth. Through knowledge systems, knowledge assets are created that eventually manifested in technologies, competencies and capabilities causing the creation of new services and products. Normally, community lay knowledge systems are severely resource constrained regarding the possession of process agents.
Secondly, knowledge systems may differ in methodology and classification. Whereas scientific knowledge systems normally represents a top-down transfer of expert knowledge from research institutions to beneficiaries (Oudwater and Martin, 2003), the filtering of community lay knowledge into the scientific body of knowledge represents a bottom-up knowledge transfer approach. This according to Ansari et al (2002) provides a conducive knowledge base in which external knowledge of scientists combines with community assets leading to balancing of internal versus external diffusion of skills through a community. Community lay knowledge classification of knowledge may also differ from the classification systems used by scientists. A classical example is the different approaches used in soil classification used by farmers versus scientists. For most farmers the principle criterion by which soil is recognize
The pressure placed on UK law graduates to succeed in the marketplace is at a high point in this new century. Law graduates, after all, fill important positions in local, regional, and national offices that influence the lives of millions. The pressure that the public applies to judicial professionals, however, is no match to the pressures applied on graduates as they enter the workplace. Thousands of law graduates leave UK universities every spring, with hundreds of applicants vying for the same positions. The standards applied to law graduates applying for entry level clerk positions are high considering the amount of work they do. Law graduates may not be able to control the amount of pressure placed on them but choosing the best graduate job in the UK market means that they can have great success in the future.Law graduates who want to build a record of socially conscious representation should consider working with non-profit organizations. There are many non-profits that use programs of pro - bono representation for lower income families and prisoners appealing their sentences. As well, environmental organizations and lobbying groups are often on the lookout for talented law graduates. These positions feature low pay init
Recently, more recognition is given to the fact that indigenous or community lay knowledge has intrinsic merit, and hold development potential especially for rural area development (Crithley, 2000). However, the effective application and utilization of community lay knowledge in technology development and transfer remains largely unclear despite recognition that it represents a rich body of knowledge for technological innovations.
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to provide baseline information on how community lay knowledge systems can be applied in technology development and transfer through the process of knowledge creation cooperation, education and innovation in coalition with scientific knowledge systems. Community lay knowledge for the purpose of this article is distinct from scientific knowledge is that community lay knowledge is considered to be more experiential in nature, and includes judgement and common sense which has been acquired with experience. Community lay knowledge is often referred to as practical logic (Craig, 2000).
Features of knowledge systems
Knowledge systems in general require firstly process agents that can drive change and development. In this regard Malhotra (2003) identified three process agents namely:
· National institutions; · Frameworks; and · Infrastructure.
The above three agents facilitate the effective use, sharing, creation, and renewal of knowledge required for socio-economic growth. Through knowledge systems, knowledge assets are created that eventually manifested in technologies, competencies and capabilities causing the creation of new services and products. Normally, community lay knowledge systems are severely resource constrained regarding the possession of process agents.
Secondly, knowledge systems may differ in methodology and classification. Whereas scientific knowledge systems normally represents a top-down transfer of expert knowledge from research institutions to beneficiaries (Oudwater and Martin, 2003), the filtering of community lay knowledge into the scientific body of knowledge represents a bottom-up knowledge transfer approach. This according to Ansari et al (2002) provides a conducive knowledge base in which external knowledge of scientists combines with community assets leading to balancing of internal versus external diffusion of skills through a community. Community lay knowledge classification of knowledge may also differ from the classification systems used by scientists. A classical example is the different approaches used in soil classification used by farmers versus scientists. For most farmers the principle criterion by which soil is recogniz
We have all heard a lot about change management and it seems to be a buzzword that is being kicked around in management schools at top universities. Change management interruptions can cause chaos in a Corporation and it is this reason that Change Management is discussed in case studies at MBA schools.One thing that is not talked about very much is how change management disruptions affect your competitors and how you can take advantage of them. In my younger days I use to race motorcycles; street bikes, the ones that go really really fast and you put your knee on the ground sometimes at 135 plus miles per hour trying to stay balanced. Well, one thing I learned is it pays to be lucky, practice your skills and fundamentals and watch for your competitors make mistakes.One thing they teach you in racing schools with super bikes is to use the whole track. In business you must use all possible strategies to win the game. If your competitor makes a mistake you need to capitalize on that mistake, just like you do in racing or competitive sports.In the marketplace changes in management of your competition can cause times of indecision, mistakes and these disruptions indeed will slow the company down. It behooves you t
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to provide baseline information on how community lay knowledge systems can be applied in technology development and transfer through the process of knowledge creation cooperation, education and innovation in coalition with scientific knowledge systems. Community lay knowledge for the purpose of this article is distinct from scientific knowledge is that community lay knowledge is considered to be more experiential in nature, and includes judgement and common sense which has been acquired with experience. Community lay knowledge is often referred to as practical logic (Craig, 2000).
Features of knowledge systems
Knowledge systems in general require firstly process agents that can drive change and development. In this regard Malhotra (2003) identified three process agents namely:
· National institutions; · Frameworks; and · Infrastructure.
The above three agents facilitate the effective use, sharing, creation, and renewal of knowledge required for socio-economic growth. Through knowledge systems, knowledge assets are created that eventually manifested in technologies, competencies and capabilities causing the creation of new services and products. Normally, community lay knowledge systems are severely resource constrained regarding the possession of process agents.
Secondly, knowledge systems may differ in methodology and classification. Whereas scientific knowledge systems normally represents a top-down transfer of expert knowledge from research institutions to beneficiaries (Oudwater and Martin, 2003), the filtering of community lay knowledge into the scientific body of knowledge represents a bottom-up knowledge transfer approach. This according to Ansari et al (2002) provides a conducive knowledge base in which external knowledge of scientists combines with community assets leading to balancing of internal versus external diffusion of skills through a community. Community lay knowledge classification of knowledge may also differ from the classification systems used by scientists. A classical example is the different approaches used in soil classification used by farmers versus scientists. For most farmers the principle criterion by which soil is recogniz
I've been working from home since December 2004. My daily quest is finding and applying for real work at home jobs. My latest find is one that everyone needs to be aware of -- but not because it's such a great job, but because it's such a terrible scam.This beauty was listed at a reputable job site. A job site that I think everyone has heard of, but one that I will refrain from mentioning by name.The job was for a Shipping Manager, and the description was very impressive. I applied for it, and before I could even get off the website, I already had an e-mail telling me I had been hired. My duties would consist of receiving packages at my house, warehousing them briefly, and then mailing them overseas. I was told I would be receiving cameras and PDA's. All of my packages would be shipped to Kryzykstan. I would be paid $25, via Western Union, for each package I received. I would receive 25 to 30 packages per week, and I would be paid weekly.I immediately began checking them out. I looked at Whois. I called the BBB. I e-mailed the job site that listed it, and they had no complaints on the company. I called my local police and the FBI. I looked at all the online scam sites. I called my local television station -- whic
· National institutions; · Frameworks; and · Infrastructure.
The above three agents facilitate the effective use, sharing, creation, and renewal of knowledge required for socio-economic growth. Through knowledge systems, knowledge assets are created that eventually manifested in technologies, competencies and capabilities causing the creation of new services and products. Normally, community lay knowledge systems are severely resource constrained regarding the possession of process agents.
Secondly, knowledge systems may differ in methodology and classification. Whereas scientific knowledge systems normally represents a top-down transfer of expert knowledge from research institutions to beneficiaries (Oudwater and Martin, 2003), the filtering of community lay knowledge into the scientific body of knowledge represents a bottom-up knowledge transfer approach. This according to Ansari et al (2002) provides a conducive knowledge base in which external knowledge of scientists combines with community assets leading to balancing of internal versus external diffusion of skills through a community. Community lay knowledge classification of knowledge may also differ from the classification systems used by scientists. A classical example is the different approaches used in soil classification used by farmers versus scientists. For most farmers the principle criterion by which soil is recogniz
The resume is considered to be one of the most important documents you need to submit when you are applying for a job. It will tell the employer about your qualifications for the position you are applying for and it also tells them why you are more qualified than the other people who are also lining up for the same job.When you watch TV or when you look at the classifieds section in your newspaper, you will usually see companies advertising a vacant position in one or more of their departments. If you are unemployed and you see this kind of ad, you can't help it but list down all the details in order for you to apply for the job.However, you also need to face the fact that there are certain deadlines for resume submission. If you submit your resume a day late, then you can be sure that your resume will not be entertained. It is very important for you to submit your resume on time in order to be one of the people in front of the line for the job interview. So, how will you be able to submit your resume if the company is located at another state? Surely, traditional postal mail will not make it. One of the best ways to submit your resume is through the fax machine.With a fax machine, you will be able to submit your
Thirdly, knowledge systems should as a purpose add value to the lives of communities by continuously facilitating best practice operations. According to Boven and Morohashi (2002) best practices using indigenous knowledge should at least possess the following characteristics:
· The practice should be innovative in nature in the sense that it has developed new and creative solutions to common problems experienced by a community; · The practice has a positive impact on the living conditions, quality of life or environment of the individuals, groups or communities concerned; · The practice should have a sustainable effect; and · The practice should have the potential to be a source of inspiration to others.
The value added role of indigenous knowledge systems can be best explained in terms of its virtues (Craig, 2000):
· This knowledge source on the common elements of mundane speech and thought, which implies broad taxonomies, simple constructions and powerful organizing metaphors and narratives. Meanings given are therefore easily generalised to many and a variety day-to-day applications; · Concepts used in community lay knowledge systems are normally broader defined than those in scientific knowledge systems leading to a situation that cause and effects relationships between variables are based upon practical logic and semantic. Application of community lay knowledge should therefore be understood within the framework, specificities and language of specific cultures; and · In application a general tendency towards mnemonic exists whereby complex process are repackaged in the memory using simple learning devices and developing simple recipes to remember it and to pass it on to next generations. The application of concepts and the resources used to fix a problem are therefore normally within the practical grasp of the user.
A need for coalition between knowledge systems exist
Community lay knowledge can complement scientific knowledge systems. However, the effective application of community lay knowledge in technology development requires in the opinion of this author a proper coalition between scientific knowledge systems and community lay knowledge systems in any development approach. In the field of innovation communities can build on and expand on their indigenous knowledge using scientific knowledge systems without forsaking local rituals, overstepping social taboos whilst giving recognition to the fact that community lay knowledge largely drives innovation in marginal and restrictive environments (Hart, 2005). Innovations that are too costly, or labour intensive are unlikely to be adopted by the community (Critchley, 2000).
But, according to Oudwater and Martin (2003) local knowledge systems should not be seen as a counterpart to scientific knowledge as it includes cultural, as well as technical knowledge and is interlinked with social and political knowle
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