sumptions of English superiority and invincibility were false, and that their tenure in Southeast Asia was limited. One day, colonial superiority would come to an end, especially now that this superioritLee Kuan Yew was born to a Chinese family, and was educated at Cambridge University, England, graduating in law. After being admitted to the bar in England, he returned to Singapore.

His attitudes and approach to independence were colored by his experiences during the Second World War, and by a visit to Zambia. It was always though that the British were stoic under pressure and the Chinese would panic. In fact, when the Japanese invaded Malaysia, it was the British who were running around like headless chickens, and the British officers who, in 1941, left Penang to try to save their skins in Singapore, leaving the Asians to their fate. It was the Chinese who died with dignity, and the Europeans who were unable to provide leadership when it was most needed.

This showed Lee Kuan Yew that the assumptions of English superiority and invincibility were false, and that their tenure in Southeast Asia was limited. One day, colonial superiority would come to an end, especially now that this superiority

and approach to independence were colored by his experiences during the Second World War, and by a visit to Zambia. It was always though that the British were stoic under pressure and the Chinese would panic. In fact, when the Japanese invaded Malaysia, it was the British who were running around like headless chickens, and the British officers who, in 1941, left Penang to try to save their skins in Singapore, leaving the Asians to their fate. It was the Chinese who died with dignity, and the Europeans who were unable to provide leadership when it was most needed.

This showed Lee Kuan Yew that the assumptions of English superiority and invincibility were false, and that their tenure in Southeast Asia was limited. One day, colonial superiority would come to an end, especially now that this superiorit

nic. In fact, when the Japanese invaded Malaysia, it was the British who were running around like headless chickens, and the British officers who, in 1941, left Penang to try to save their skins in Singapore, leaving the Asians to their fate. It was the Chinese who died with dignity, and the Europeans who were unable to provide leadership when it was most needed.

This showed Lee Kuan Yew that the assumptions of English superiority and invincibility were false, and that their tenure in Southeast Asia was limited. One day, colonial superiority would come to an end, especially now that this superiorit

ore, leaving the Asians to their fate. It was the Chinese who died with dignity, and the Europeans who were unable to provide leadership when it was most needed.

This showed Lee Kuan Yew that the assumptions of English superiority and invincibility were false, and that their tenure in Southeast Asia was limited. One day, colonial superiority would come to an end, especially now that this superiorit

sumptions of English superiority and invincibility were false, and that their tenure in Southeast Asia was limited. One day, colonial superiority would come to an end, especially now that this superiority of a people who abandoned their posts when under threat was being questioned. This was a point that the future prime minister made while a student at Cambridge.

On a visit to Lusaka in 1970, with which he was familiar with in the colonial days before Zambia gained her independence, he noticed that the shrubs and flowers that lined the roads and roundabouts had gone and had been replaced by weeds. The roundabouts were covered in tarmac and he recognized than that decolonization needed more than just a glittering ceremony.

“Social cohesion and capable, effective government to take power from the colonial authority” were also required, and a country should not seek independence until it was ready for it. The advantages of colonialism should not be set aside through “half-digested theories of soc