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Will You Add? - 25 Survey Design Tips
8 Steps to Achieve Business Success in 2007 levant alternatives as answer choices. Leaving out a choice can give misleading results. For example, a number of recent polls that ask Americans if they support the death penalty "Yes" or "No" have found 70-75% of the respondents choosing ”Yes.” Polls that offer the choice between the death penalty and life in prison without the possibility of parole show support for the death penalty at about 50-60%. Polls that offer the alternatives of the death penalty or life in prison without the possibility of parole, with the inmates working in prison to pay restitution to their victims’ families have found support for the death penalty closer to 30%.There is a saying that goes something like:"If you want to keep getting what you are getting, keep doing what you are doing?This means you don't make any changes to your business model and therefore can expect the same results as the previous year.If you want to improve your business you need to set doable goals.Here are 8 steps how to achieve your business goals in 2007.1. Write down all the goals you wish to achieve for your business in 2007. Don't bother to evaluate them at this stage. This should take less than ten minutes.2. Number these goals in order of priority, with the most important ones appearing first.3. Under each of your goals list the ways you are going to achieve them. Be specific as possible. If they are too general it's not likely you will take action. 4. Write down the action steps for each of your goals. For example if your goal is to write an e-book, you may write something like.."I will write one page per day for 3 months to have my e-book ready to market by the end of April".5. Keep a copy of your goals near your computer so you can stay on track to accomplishing them. If you can't see them you will soon lose sight of them i.e. "out of sight, out of mind".6. Evaluate your goals from time to time. Don't be afraid to adjust them if you find they are not specific enough. You can also change them completely if you find they don't fit your business.7. Keep a positive attitude. There may be times when you will be influenced by negative thinking or naysayers. This will drag you down and prevent the fulfillment of your business goals. Communicate with others who are also in the same business or are supportive of your goals.ConclusionAccomplishing your goals is the key to happiness. It provides the building blocks for continued success in your business which will lead to a great sense of fulfillment, pride, and confidence. So what is the true level of support for the death penalty? The lowest figure is probably truest, since it represents the percentage that favor that option regardless of the alternative offered. The need to include all relevant alternatives is not limited to political polls. You can get misleading data anytime you leave out alternatives. 10. Do not put two questions into one. Avoid questions such as "Do you buy frozen meat and frozen fish?" A "Yes" answer can mean the respondent buys meat or fish or both. Similarly with a question such as "Have you ever bought Product X and, if so, did you like it?" A "No" answer can mean "never bought" or "bought and disliked." Be as specific as possible. "Do you ever buy pasta?" can include Catalog Printing Services for Everyone More and more companies are starting to see the benefits of conducting their own surveys because it’s cheaper and faster than previous methods. Doing surveys yourself costs less than hiring a market research firm, and results can be seen instantly. Most people today are still using a combination of paper, phone, and web based data collection methods, although internet based research is quickly on the rise. This article attempts to describe survey collection methods in general, with some discussion of research across multiple channels.Catalogs are direct mail items that are often used by businesses in today’s society. Before catalog printing is so well-liked. But with the emergence of internet technology, it is slowly becoming a lesser form of marketing. But it is undeniable that there are still so many people who prefer to do their shopping through catalogs in print.Catalogs are one of the time-tested marketing instruments in business advertising. They make your business known. And they can help you generate leads. With catalogs as part of your business plan, you allow shoppers to remember your business. They serve as reminders to your customers that your company has products and services that they may want to look into.In addition, catalogs also serve as a good means to emphasize a marketing message intended for potential customers. Since catalogs are perfect for maintaining strong relationship with existing customers, it would be best if you make sure their design can easily grab the attention of the prospects.Now if you are planning to add a catalog to your marketing plan, you should consider a lot of factors. Firstly, you should take into account the printer. You can start small. It’s not necessary that you go for a pricey printer especially if you’re just starting to make a name in business. Starting big at once is somewhat costly. So go for a reliable printer that offers cost effective catalog printing services. You can also purchase publishing software so that the printing process will be easier. Without difficulty, you can come up with professional-looking catalogs for marketing.You can also consider offset catalog printing services or variable data printing. The offset printing services are more reliable when it comes to producing professionally-designed catalogs and other marketing materials. Variable data printing is another printing solution that you can optimize. It is suitable when sending a various catalogs to a wide assortment of customers.If your company is looking for high quality printing services, you must hunt for a catalog printing company that specializes in professional and cost effective print services. There are lots of printing companies offering catalog printing to everyone. To find the perfect printer for your needs, you need to s 1. Keep the questionnaire as short as possible. It is statistically proven that more people will complete a shorter questionnaire, regardless of the interviewing method. If a question is not necessary, do not include it. 2. Get off to a good start. Start with a Title (e.g., Leisure Activities Survey). Always include a short introduction - who you are and why you are doing the survey. If you are seeking critical feedback about how your brand stacks up against the competition, it is often a good idea to give the name of the research company rather than the client (e.g., XYZ Research Agency rather than the manufacturer of the product/ service being surveyed). Many firms create a separate research company name (even if it is only a direct phone line to the research department) to disguise themselves. This is to avoid possible bias, since people rarely like to criticize someone to their face and are much more open to a third party. In some cases, though, it may help to mention the client. If you are surveying members of an organization, the members may be more likely to respond if they think the organization is asking their opinions on how it can best meet their needs. The same could be true when you are surveying users of a particular service. 3. Reassure confidentiality of responses. Reassure your respondent that his or her responses will not be revealed to your client, but only combined with many others to learn about overall attitudes. Mention this in the opening text of the survey and also include a privacy policy in the footer of the survey page. 4. Include a good cover letter /email invite text. Include a cover letter with all mail surveys. A good cover letter or email invitation to take a Web page survey will increase the response rate. A bad cover letter or none at all, will reduce the response rate. Include the information in the preceding two paragraphs and mention the incentive (if any). Describe how to return the questionnaire. Include the name and telephone number of someone the respondent can call if they have any questions. Include instructions on how to complete the survey itself. The most effective cover letters and invitations include the following elements: Ask the recipient to take the survey. Explain why taking it will improve some aspect of the recipient's life (it will help improve a product, make an organization better meet their needs, make their opinions heard). Appeal to the recipient's sense of altruism ("please help"). Ask the recipient again to take the survey. 5. Always provide a space for their name. You may want to leave a space for the respondent to add their name and title. Some people will put in their names, making it possible for you to contact them for clarification or follow-up questions. Indicate that filling in their name is optional. If the questions are sensitive in nature, do not have a space for a name. Some people would become suspicious and not complete the survey. If you hand out questionnaires on your premises, you obviously cannot remain anonymous, but keep the bias problem in mind when you consider the answers. 6. Consider survey software that support security. If the survey contains commercially sensitive material, ask a "security" question up front to find whether the respondent or any member of his family, household or any close friend works in the industry being surveyed. If so, terminate the interview immediately. They (or family or friends) may work for the company that commissioned the survey - or for a competitor. In either case, they are not representative and should be eliminated. If they work for a competitor, the nature of the questions may betray valuable secrets. The best way to ask security questions is in reverse (i.e., if you are surveying for a pharmaceutical product, phrase the question as "We want to interview people in certain industries - do you or any member of your household work in the pharmaceutical industry?). If the answer is "Yes" thank the respondent and terminate the interview. Similarly, it is best to eliminate people working in the advertising, market research or media industries, since they may work with competing companies. 7. Recommended flow for your next survey. After the security question, start with general questions. If you want to limit the survey to users of a particular product, you may want to disguise the qualifying product. As a rule, start from general attitudes to the class of products, through brand awareness, purchase patterns, specific product usage to questions on specific problems (i.e., work from "What types of coffee have you bought in the last three months" to "Do you recall seeing a special offer on your last purchase of Brand X coffee?"). If possible put the most important questions into the first half of the survey. If a person gives up half way through, at least you have the most important information. 8. Include all relevant alternatives. Make sure you include all the relevant alternatives as answer choices. Leaving out a choice can give misleading results. For example, a number of recent polls that ask Americans if they support the death penalty "Yes" or "No" have found 70-75% of the respondents choosing ”Yes.” Polls that offer the choice between the death penalty and life in prison without the possibility of parole show support for the death penalty at about 50-60%. Polls that offer the alternatives of the death penalty or life in prison without the possibility of parole, with the inmates working in prison to pay restitution to their victims’ families have found support for the death penalty closer to 30%. So what is the true level of support for the death penalty? The lowest figure is probably truest, since it represents the percentage that favor that option regardless of the alternative offered. The need to include all relevant alternatives is not limited to political polls. You can get misleading data anytime you leave out alternatives. 10. Do not put two questions into one. Avoid questions such as "Do you buy frozen meat and frozen fish?" A "Yes" answer can mean the respondent buys meat or fish or both. Similarly with a question such as "Have you ever bought Product X and, if so, did you like it?" A "No" answer can mean "never bought" or "bought and disliked." Be as specific as possible. "Do you ever buy pasta?" can include s The Organized Job Search since people rarely like to criticize someone to their face and are much more open to a third party.Many people, under financial or other pressures to find work quickly, feel they can’t afford to take the time to get organized. On the other hand, conducting your job search in an organized manner will reduce the amount of time you spend looking for information, following inappropriate leads, or waiting for your dream job to fall into your lap. It generally takes at least a month to find an entry-level job, and as much as nine months for one requiring a high level of skill and experience. Getting organized before you begin your job search can ultimately save you a lot of time and frustration.You should take several preliminary steps before you even begin your active job search. You should start by identifying your skills, interests, target market, and any child care, transportation, or other issues that you will need to keep in mind. A career or employment counselor can be very helpful in this area, as well as with the preparation of your resume, cover letters, and any other job search materials you will need.Once you’re ready to face the job market, there are three areas where you’ll find it beneficial to be well organized: your schedule, your workspace, and your contacts.Your ScheduleFirst, you must decide how much time you can realistically commit to your job search on a weekly basis, and then create a weekly schedule of activities. Keep in mind that looking for a full-time job is in itself a full-time job! Some of your time will be devoted to reading and applying for advertised positions, but be sure to allow plenty of time for other job search activities such as making telephone calls, generating and researching new leads, reviewing old leads for follow up, writing thank you notes or other correspondence, and visiting placement offices, employment agencies, or other service providers. The percentage of time you dedicate to each activity depends on what is most effective for your field of work or geographical area, so it may be worthwhile for you to ask others what has worked for them.Most people perform different activities more effectively at different times of day. Take your natural energy flow, as well as the availability of quiet time for conducting research and telephone calls, into consideration when planning your sche In some cases, though, it may help to mention the client. If you are surveying members of an organization, the members may be more likely to respond if they think the organization is asking their opinions on how it can best meet their needs. The same could be true when you are surveying users of a particular service. 3. Reassure confidentiality of responses. Reassure your respondent that his or her responses will not be revealed to your client, but only combined with many others to learn about overall attitudes. Mention this in the opening text of the survey and also include a privacy policy in the footer of the survey page. 4. Include a good cover letter /email invite text. Include a cover letter with all mail surveys. A good cover letter or email invitation to take a Web page survey will increase the response rate. A bad cover letter or none at all, will reduce the response rate. Include the information in the preceding two paragraphs and mention the incentive (if any). Describe how to return the questionnaire. Include the name and telephone number of someone the respondent can call if they have any questions. Include instructions on how to complete the survey itself. The most effective cover letters and invitations include the following elements: Ask the recipient to take the survey. Explain why taking it will improve some aspect of the recipient's life (it will help improve a product, make an organization better meet their needs, make their opinions heard). Appeal to the recipient's sense of altruism ("please help"). Ask the recipient again to take the survey. 5. Always provide a space for their name. You may want to leave a space for the respondent to add their name and title. Some people will put in their names, making it possible for you to contact them for clarification or follow-up questions. Indicate that filling in their name is optional. If the questions are sensitive in nature, do not have a space for a name. Some people would become suspicious and not complete the survey. If you hand out questionnaires on your premises, you obviously cannot remain anonymous, but keep the bias problem in mind when you consider the answers. 6. Consider survey software that support security. If the survey contains commercially sensitive material, ask a "security" question up front to find whether the respondent or any member of his family, household or any close friend works in the industry being surveyed. If so, terminate the interview immediately. They (or family or friends) may work for the company that commissioned the survey - or for a competitor. In either case, they are not representative and should be eliminated. If they work for a competitor, the nature of the questions may betray valuable secrets. The best way to ask security questions is in reverse (i.e., if you are surveying for a pharmaceutical product, phrase the question as "We want to interview people in certain industries - do you or any member of your household work in the pharmaceutical industry?). If the answer is "Yes" thank the respondent and terminate the interview. Similarly, it is best to eliminate people working in the advertising, market research or media industries, since they may work with competing companies. 7. Recommended flow for your next survey. After the security question, start with general questions. If you want to limit the survey to users of a particular product, you may want to disguise the qualifying product. As a rule, start from general attitudes to the class of products, through brand awareness, purchase patterns, specific product usage to questions on specific problems (i.e., work from "What types of coffee have you bought in the last three months" to "Do you recall seeing a special offer on your last purchase of Brand X coffee?"). If possible put the most important questions into the first half of the survey. If a person gives up half way through, at least you have the most important information. 8. Include all relevant alternatives. Make sure you include all the relevant alternatives as answer choices. Leaving out a choice can give misleading results. For example, a number of recent polls that ask Americans if they support the death penalty "Yes" or "No" have found 70-75% of the respondents choosing ”Yes.” Polls that offer the choice between the death penalty and life in prison without the possibility of parole show support for the death penalty at about 50-60%. Polls that offer the alternatives of the death penalty or life in prison without the possibility of parole, with the inmates working in prison to pay restitution to their victims’ families have found support for the death penalty closer to 30%. So what is the true level of support for the death penalty? The lowest figure is probably truest, since it represents the percentage that favor that option regardless of the alternative offered. The need to include all relevant alternatives is not limited to political polls. You can get misleading data anytime you leave out alternatives. 10. Do not put two questions into one. Avoid questions such as "Do you buy frozen meat and frozen fish?" A "Yes" answer can mean the respondent buys meat or fish or both. Similarly with a question such as "Have you ever bought Product X and, if so, did you like it?" A "No" answer can mean "never bought" or "bought and disliked." Be as specific as possible. "Do you ever buy pasta?" can include So You Want To Own Your Own Business and Be Your Own Boss? Part 1 : Ask the recipient to take the survey. Explain why taking it will improve some aspect of the recipient's life (it will help improve a product, make an organization better meet their needs, make their opinions heard). Appeal to the recipient's sense of altruism ("please help"). Ask the recipient again to take the survey.This is a great, especially in this day and time, with a new business starting every 12 seconds. With the corporate down-sizing, raided retirement funds, and aging of America, it is no wonder you don’t want to work for someone else. You start thinking of all the things you won’t have to do anymore: you no longer have to ‘punch a clock’, answer to someone else, spend countless money to upkeep a wardrobe, or fill you car with gas a couple of times a week. But, what kinds of things do you have to do? Do you have the discipline to work for yourself in a home based business?Let me tell you a story…this happened to a family member. He bought a service company. He felt great, owning his own company with his name on the door. He bought a new laptop, a wardrobe of casual clothes so he would look cool in the office, supplied all his employees with walkie-talkie cell phones. His plan was to sit in the office and answer the phone while his ‘crew’ worked in the shop. He had no idea that he might just have to get his hands dirty and help out in the shop occasionally. It wasn’t long before those ‘occasional’ stints out in the shop began to happen daily, therefore his clothes were stained, and his employees abused the phone privileges. His idea of owning a small business was to be the ‘boss’ and let others work ‘for’ him. His business died in less than two years, and he lost over $120,000.00.So, what did he do wrong? Mainly, he lacked the self-discipline and motivation needed to see the bottom line in front of him. He thought the kind of money he spent to buy this business would be all he needed to do to be the ‘boss’. It was not that he did not know how to do the business in that service field; anyone can learn that from books. It was that he wanted to work his eight hours and go home, (on the premises), and not think of the business until time to open the shop the next morning. He was not willing to dedicate himself with the hard work and exertion it takes to beat the competition. He let his focus stop at 5:00pm. When he stop focusing, he stopped being productive. He had no one to tell him to keep working; he felt he had paid big money for that privilege. But, to own a successful home business or any other type of business, you have to be willing work while oth 5. Always provide a space for their name. You may want to leave a space for the respondent to add their name and title. Some people will put in their names, making it possible for you to contact them for clarification or follow-up questions. Indicate that filling in their name is optional. If the questions are sensitive in nature, do not have a space for a name. Some people would become suspicious and not complete the survey. If you hand out questionnaires on your premises, you obviously cannot remain anonymous, but keep the bias problem in mind when you consider the answers. 6. Consider survey software that support security. If the survey contains commercially sensitive material, ask a "security" question up front to find whether the respondent or any member of his family, household or any close friend works in the industry being surveyed. If so, terminate the interview immediately. They (or family or friends) may work for the company that commissioned the survey - or for a competitor. In either case, they are not representative and should be eliminated. If they work for a competitor, the nature of the questions may betray valuable secrets. The best way to ask security questions is in reverse (i.e., if you are surveying for a pharmaceutical product, phrase the question as "We want to interview people in certain industries - do you or any member of your household work in the pharmaceutical industry?). If the answer is "Yes" thank the respondent and terminate the interview. Similarly, it is best to eliminate people working in the advertising, market research or media industries, since they may work with competing companies. 7. Recommended flow for your next survey. After the security question, start with general questions. If you want to limit the survey to users of a particular product, you may want to disguise the qualifying product. As a rule, start from general attitudes to the class of products, through brand awareness, purchase patterns, specific product usage to questions on specific problems (i.e., work from "What types of coffee have you bought in the last three months" to "Do you recall seeing a special offer on your last purchase of Brand X coffee?"). If possible put the most important questions into the first half of the survey. If a person gives up half way through, at least you have the most important information. 8. Include all relevant alternatives. Make sure you include all the relevant alternatives as answer choices. Leaving out a choice can give misleading results. For example, a number of recent polls that ask Americans if they support the death penalty "Yes" or "No" have found 70-75% of the respondents choosing ”Yes.” Polls that offer the choice between the death penalty and life in prison without the possibility of parole show support for the death penalty at about 50-60%. Polls that offer the alternatives of the death penalty or life in prison without the possibility of parole, with the inmates working in prison to pay restitution to their victims’ families have found support for the death penalty closer to 30%. So what is the true level of support for the death penalty? The lowest figure is probably truest, since it represents the percentage that favor that option regardless of the alternative offered. The need to include all relevant alternatives is not limited to political polls. You can get misleading data anytime you leave out alternatives. 10. Do not put two questions into one. Avoid questions such as "Do you buy frozen meat and frozen fish?" A "Yes" answer can mean the respondent buys meat or fish or both. Similarly with a question such as "Have you ever bought Product X and, if so, did you like it?" A "No" answer can mean "never bought" or "bought and disliked." Be as specific as possible. "Do you ever buy pasta?" can include Electronic Document Discovery be eliminated. If they work for a competitor, the nature of the questions may betray valuable secrets. The best way to ask security questions is in reverse (i.e., if you are surveying for a pharmaceutical product, phrase the question as "We want to interview people in certain industries - do you or any member of your household work in the pharmaceutical industry?). If the answer is "Yes" thank the respondent and terminate the interview. Similarly, it is best to eliminate people working in the advertising, market research or media industries, since they may work with competing companies.Documents are rarely in the physical form these days. Most documents are being created in the electronic format, and even physical documents are being converted into electronic formats. Several devices, such as CD/DVD ROMs, floppy disks, hard drives and tapes, are being commonly used to store documents. Document transfer is also in the electronic form through e-mails or the Internet and intranets.When documents are created electronically, they are stored in temporary files. Even when they are deleted or updated, some remnants still remain on the hard disk, which can be recovered using special tools. Thus, data that is lost or overwritten can, in fact, be retrieved. This is an important aspect of electronic document discovery, which is being increasingly used in civil and criminal litigations to get useful evidence. Electronic document discovery is a very difficult task due to the sheer volume of data present in the electronic form. Collecting, sorting, categorizing and storing this data is an arduous task.Computer forensic experts carry out electronic document discovery. These people deal with the preservation, identification, extraction and documentation of computer evidence. They use software tools for the retrieval of data from any kind of an electronic source. These tools are highly advanced and can categorize, search and sort for data in their native format. Reports can be generated within minutes, and documents can be redacted. Electronic document discovery and management has become indispensable today. The electronic document discovery market was worth $1.3 billion in 2004.Some of the electronic discovery tools are: Concordance (Dataflight Software Inc.), Summation (Summation Legal Technologies Inc.), CaseMap (Bowne DecisionQuest (CaseSoft)), Access (Microsoft Corp.), Attenex (Attenex Corp.), Encase (Guidance Software Inc.), iConect (iConect Development), Introspect (ZANTAZ Inc.) and LiveNote (LiveNote Technologies). 7. Recommended flow for your next survey. After the security question, start with general questions. If you want to limit the survey to users of a particular product, you may want to disguise the qualifying product. As a rule, start from general attitudes to the class of products, through brand awareness, purchase patterns, specific product usage to questions on specific problems (i.e., work from "What types of coffee have you bought in the last three months" to "Do you recall seeing a special offer on your last purchase of Brand X coffee?"). If possible put the most important questions into the first half of the survey. If a person gives up half way through, at least you have the most important information. 8. Include all relevant alternatives. Make sure you include all the relevant alternatives as answer choices. Leaving out a choice can give misleading results. For example, a number of recent polls that ask Americans if they support the death penalty "Yes" or "No" have found 70-75% of the respondents choosing ”Yes.” Polls that offer the choice between the death penalty and life in prison without the possibility of parole show support for the death penalty at about 50-60%. Polls that offer the alternatives of the death penalty or life in prison without the possibility of parole, with the inmates working in prison to pay restitution to their victims’ families have found support for the death penalty closer to 30%. So what is the true level of support for the death penalty? The lowest figure is probably truest, since it represents the percentage that favor that option regardless of the alternative offered. The need to include all relevant alternatives is not limited to political polls. You can get misleading data anytime you leave out alternatives. 10. Do not put two questions into one. Avoid questions such as "Do you buy frozen meat and frozen fish?" A "Yes" answer can mean the respondent buys meat or fish or both. Similarly with a question such as "Have you ever bought Product X and, if so, did you like it?" A "No" answer can mean "never bought" or "bought and disliked." Be as specific as possible. "Do you ever buy pasta?" can include Get On The Right Path- Career Development levant alternatives as answer choices. Leaving out a choice can give misleading results. For example, a number of recent polls that ask Americans if they support the death penalty "Yes" or "No" have found 70-75% of the respondents choosing ”Yes.” Polls that offer the choice between the death penalty and life in prison without the possibility of parole show support for the death penalty at about 50-60%. Polls that offer the alternatives of the death penalty or life in prison without the possibility of parole, with the inmates working in prison to pay restitution to their victims’ families have found support for the death penalty closer to 30%.Career development is something that is certainly worth worrying about. Sometimes, you have put in the amount of work necessary for advancing in a career and then you get to a certain point and hit a wall. You just lack the creativity, motivation, or time to really help develop that career. The business world is getting extremely competitive and promotions are tough to come by. If you are just going through the motions, then you are cheating yourself. Instead of spinning your wheels and wasting you own time, you should do something to get your mind back on your career and move on up.Career development issues can arise from a bunch of different sources. Some people are simply afraid to succeed. Maybe they had some failures in their youth and those have stuck close. Maybe they are scared of change that could be associated with career development. Whatever the case, these are mental blocks that must be addressed in order to move on. Nobody thinks consciously about trying to stunt the growth of their career. It’s an entirely subconscious thing. Because of this, the cure must also be a subconscious thing.One excellent way to address the career development issues within your mind is to go through hypnosis. A lot of people don’t know what hypnosis is and they would never consider it as a cure for their biggest problems. This is a mistake, though. Hypnosis should be considered because it allows people to address the things within their subconscious. Hypnosis is not just a magic trick that you might see in Las Vegas or some other gimmick location. Instead, it is something that has helped people get over terrible conditions, including a constantly recurring problem with career development.I have seen many clients that have had problems with their career. Some of these folks didn’t have the motivation to be successful in a career. Others didn’t truly believe that they could make it in a career. In both cases, hypnosis was able to address these subconscious concerns and get these people a little bit closer to moving their career forward. Hypnosis could work for you, as well. If you have been going through the motions at the workplace for too long and you need a solution, then get information about hypnosis and see if it is right for you. You might fight t So what is the true level of support for the death penalty? The lowest figure is probably truest, since it represents the percentage that favor that option regardless of the alternative offered. The need to include all relevant alternatives is not limited to political polls. You can get misleading data anytime you leave out alternatives. 10. Do not put two questions into one. Avoid questions such as "Do you buy frozen meat and frozen fish?" A "Yes" answer can mean the respondent buys meat or fish or both. Similarly with a question such as "Have you ever bought Product X and, if so, did you like it?" A "No" answer can mean "never bought" or "bought and disliked." Be as specific as possible. "Do you ever buy pasta?" can include someone who once bought some in 1990. It does not tell you whether the pasta was dried, frozen or canned and may include someone who had pasta in a restaurant. It is better to say "Have you bought pasta (other than in a restaurant) in the last three months?" "If yes, was it frozen, canned or dried?" Few people can remember what they bought more than three months ago unless it was a major purchase such as an automobile or appliance. 11. Begin with the End in Mind. The overriding consideration in questionnaire design is to make sure your questions can accurately tell you what you want to learn. The way you phrase a question can change the answers you get. Try to make sure the wording does not favor one answer choice over another. 12. Avoid biased words. Avoid emotionally charged words or leading questions that point towards a certain answer. You will get different answers from asking "What do you think of the XYZ proposal?" than from "What do you think of the Republican XYZ proposal?" The word "Republican" in the second question would cause some people to favor or oppose the proposal based on their feelings about Republicans, rather than about the proposal itself. It is very easy to create bias in a questionnaire. This is another good reason to test it before going ahead. 13. Give products/services neutral names. If you are comparing different products to find preferences, give each one a neutral name or reference. Do not call one "A" and the second one "B." This immediately brings images of A grades and B grades to mind, with the former being seen as superior to the latter. It is better to give each a "neutral" reference such "M" or "N" that do not have as strong a quality difference image. 14. Avoid acronyms and jargon. Avoid technical terms and acronyms, unless you are absolutely sure that respondents know they mean. LAUTRO, AGI, GPA, EIEIO (Life Assurance and Unit Trust Regulatory Organization, Adjusted Gross Income, Grade Point Average and Engineering Information External Inquiries Officer) are all well-known acronyms to people in those particular fields, but very few people would understand all of them. If you must use an acronym, spell it out the first time it is used. 15. Providing all the answers - some examples. Make sure your questions accept all the possible answers. A question like "Do you use regular or premium gas in your car?" does not cover all possible answers. The owner may alternate between both types. The question also ignores the possibility of diesel or electric-powered cars. A better way of asking this question would be "Which type(s) of fuel do you use in your cars?" The responses allowed might be: If you want only one answer from each person, ensure that the options are mutually exclusive. For example: In which of the following do you live? This question ignores the possibility of someone living in a house or an apartment in the suburbs. Score or rating scale questions (e.g., "If '5' means very good and '1' means very poor how would rate this product?") are a particular problem. Researchers are very divided on this issue. Many surveys use a ten-point scale, but there is considerable evidence to suggest that anything over a five point scale is irrelevant. This depends partially on education. Among university graduates a ten point scale will work well. Among people with less than a high school education five points is sufficient. In third world countries, a three-point scale (good/acceptable/bad) may be all some respondents can understand. Another issue on which researchers differ is whether to use a scale with an odd or even number of points. Some like to force people to give an answer that is clearly positive or negative. This can make the analysis easier. Others feel it is important to offer a neutral, middle option. Your interviewing mode can make a difference here. A good interviewer can often get a answer, but in a self-administered interview, such as a Web page survey, a person who is frustrated by being unable to give a middle answer may leave a question blank or quit the survey altogether. 16. Be sure any rating scale labels are meaningful. For example: What do you think about product X? A question phrased like the one above will force most answers into the middle category, resulting in very little usable information. 17. Use similar scales/questions to accurately compare trends. If you have used a particular scale before and need to compare results, use the same scale. Four on a five-point scale is not equivalent to eight on a ten-point scale. Someone who rates an item "4" on a five-point scale might rate that item anywhere between "6" and "9" on a ten-point scale. 18. Be aware of cultural factors. In the third world, respondents have a strong tendency to exaggerate answers. Researchers may be perceived as being government agents, with the power to punish or reward according to the answer given. Accordingly they often give "correct" answers rather than what they really believe. Even when the questions are not overtly political and deal purely with commercial products or services, the desire not to disappoint important visitors with answers that may be considered negative may lead to exaggerated s
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